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Essay Writing Guide For Psychology Students

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When Men Cry Grief and Masculinity in the Song of Roland - Literature Essay Samples

Masculine identity in The Song of Roland is grounded in emotional experience. From knights on the battlefield to King Charlemagne, men throughout the poem frequently weep or faint because of the intensity of their emotions. Contrary to expectations of medieval gender roles, male expressions of grief in The Song of Roland are crucial in defining and constructing acceptable forms of manhood. Performances of strong emotion during times of war are central to the male-dominated feuding culture—these descriptions provide a model of honorable conduct for knighthood and a method of legitimizing political acts of violence. Stephen D. White’s essay â€Å"The Politics of Anger† from Anger’s Past: Social Uses of Emotion in the Middle Ages provides important historical context for the analysis of emotion and masculinity. He asserts that men operated under â€Å"well understood conventions about when it was proper to display emotion† (White 137). Emotions typically expressed in the home differed from those considered appropriate among other nobles or on the battlefield. For Roland and his men, grief is especially crucial while at war, because a lack of emotion could be considered an insult to king and country. White also explains that emotion had â€Å"a well-defined place in political scripts† and could serve as a catalyst for political action (152). Grief was a means of garnering sympathy during conflicts, particularly among the male nobility. Descriptions of emotions had the power to â€Å"inspire pity for the alleged victim and provoke anger and violence at the victim izers† (144). In this way, displays of anger or grief acted as a public demonstration of the wrongs that had been suffered and the injury towards one’s honor. Medieval emotion for men was inextricably associated with the politics of the nobility. Representing emotion in literature was not a neutral act, rather these portrayals were used as a strategic tool to moralize conflicts or regain social power. Due to the lack of significant female influence in the narrative, The Song of Roland establishes a form of masculinity that allows for a much broader range of emotional expression. The two named female characters, Aude and Queen Bramimonde, are sidelined from the main conflict and have little agency. Masculine elements of violence, warfare and brotherhood dominate the core of the story, and the manhood of its characters is rarely brought into question. Even the horses are described in exaggerated and competitive terms: â€Å"There is no falcon who’d beat him in a race† (60). This transforms the narrative into a space where male is the cultural default and masculinity is defined in relation only to other men. Because The Song of Roland establishes the masculine identity in a purely male-dominated space, extremes of emotion are deemed more acceptable and natural than if there were female characters to compare it to. Masculinity in The Song of Roland emphasizes an emotional code of conduct that applies to knighthood, suggesting that grief—displayed through physical acts such as crying and fainting—is an honorable response to suffering on the battlefield. Grief is directly tied to the role of knighthood when Roland weeps for his fallen men â€Å"as a true knight would do† (72). In this scene, mourning is shown to be the essential response to tragedy and the ultimate expression of male devotion. The weeping, fainting and suffering of men demonstrates a heightened sense of loyalty to the king and the nation of France. Rather than being a sign of weakness, the emotional sensitivity of Roland, Charlemagne and their knights is shown to exemplify the loyalty and honor of knighthood. Although strong emotion is associated with honor on the battlefield, Ganelon’s portrayal as a dishonorable figure indicates the vital role that context plays in defining acceptable standards of em otion. When Roland laughs at him during a meeting with the King’s closest barons, Ganelon â€Å"suffers such pain he nearly splits with rage† and â€Å"comes close to falling in a faint† (13). He is directly contrasted with Roland in terms of emotional states: Ganelon’s feelings seem to border on hysterical when compared to Roland’s rationality and self-control. While Ganelon demonstrates extreme emotion and its physical manifestations, he does so in a way that is outside the context of war. In this way, Ganelon’s emotions are set apart from those of the characters who exemplify honorable knighthood. His outburst ultimately serves to introduce his most dishonorable act—betraying Roland and his men to the Saracens. By expressing and acting upon his emotions outside of the framework of war, Ganelon is characterized as unmanly both through his lack of honor and his emotional performance outside the acceptable limits of masculinity. Beyond the social implications of honor and knighthood, male demonstrations of grief in The Song of Roland also serve an essential political purpose. Upon witnessing the deaths of many of his men, Roland is described as â€Å"grieving and filled with bitter rage† (79). This direct contrast, as well as the consistent use of sorrow to motivate violent acts against the Saracens, indicates that grief and violence are closely connected in the narrative. The most explicit connection between grief and revenge occurs as Charlemagne prepares his men for the final battle by telling them to â€Å"avenge your griefs and thus relieve your feelings and your hearts† (135). While the Pagans must be tempted with material gifts such as â€Å"wives† and â€Å"fiefdoms,† the Franks are shown to be compelled towards violence by a deep loyalty and sympathy for their fellow knights (126). Not only does this legitimize the violence of the Franks, but it paints Roland and his men as the righteous heroes of the narrative. Despite the fact that women were typically characterized as the more emotional sex in the Middle Ages, The Song of Roland redefines traditional manhood to include expressions of powerful emotions. Even as men faint and weep on the battlefield, they strengthen their sense of loyalty, brotherhood and honor and rationalize the use of violence to achieve political ends.

The Effects of Hormones and Behavior on Gender Identity

The effects of hormones and behavior on gender identity PSY 340 February 14, 2010 The effects of hormones and behavior on gender identity The formation of gender identity is not completely understood as it is much more complex than just getting a sperm and egg cell to join; an XX or an XY genotype is only the first part in gender identity. There are many biological, psychological and sociological factors involved. The biological includes chromosomes, gonads, prenatal hormones, internal accessory organs, external genital appearance. The psychological includes assigned gender role and gender identity. The sociological could come from family, mass media and society (Kenyon, PhD, 2006). Sammons (2007) states that biological psychology†¦show more content†¦Sammons (2007) states that â€Å"In early intrauterine development male and female external genitalia (visible sex organs) are identical† and exposure to dihydrotestosterone the male genitalia will develop and its absence female genitalia will. Society then tells the child how he should act. Brenbaum (1999) â€Å"has shown clear differences in activ ities and job interests between adolescent boys and girls. But gender role behaviours[sic] may be influenced by the media.† Male adolescent gender role activities according to Berenbaum (1999) include working with engines and electronics, playing or liking football, hunting, washing or waxing the car, playing sports, fishing, and basketball. Female adolescent gender role activities such as thinking about becoming a secretary, needlepoint, going to slumber parties, collecting dolls, trying out for cheerleading, playing dress-up, and playing with make-up. These activities are not programmed into males and females at conception but by the society and the mass media. Parents tell boys to be tough and brave, not to cry or play with dolls; girls are told to be gentle and lady-like, not to play with trucks or play rough sports. Hollywood also perpetuates this idea but making movies with helpless women and tough guys though there are some cross-over changes but they show the men and w omen negatively accepted by their peers. Looking over these two ideas of nature versus nurture orShow MoreRelatedGender Identity Paper Psy 340816 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity Gender is defined as being male or female as defined by roles, social status, and attitude. The perception of oneself and what characterizes gender identity. Included in gender identity is hormone and behavior interaction, along with the examination of psychological, biological, and environmental influences on sexual separation. Interaction between hormones and behavior has shown to be linked to higher aggression and hostility. The aggression found relates to sexual maturationRead MoreGender Identity1341 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Autumn Messina PSY/340 January 24, 2011 Melynda Marchi Gender Identity The development of our gender identity is influenced by both the biological nature of a person and society, but the biology is the foundation of our gender identity. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the interaction between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions affect the determination of gender identity, the roles of biological factors nature and environmentalRead MoreGender And Nature Vs. Nurture994 Words   |  4 PagesGender reveal day. A blue middle is exposed by the slice of a cake. Dad perches on a ladder and lathers the nursery with the same sky-blue paint, Mom standing in the middle, rubbing her belly, â€Å"He’ll play football just like you, our little man.† So when the little man grows into a big one, will he play football because of the sports mobile turning above his crib, or because something in himself innately gravitates toward masculine activities? The mechanisms of what creates someone’s gender identityRead More Male and female gender constructs Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesOur cultural beliefs dictate that there are only two biological sexes corresponding to two genders (Newman, 2001). The male and female constructs often carry with them misconceptions and stereotypes, such as the belief that gender and sex are synonymous or that gender assigned at birth indicates a specific preference for toys, interest, clothes, and eventual erotic attraction (Newman, 2001). Males are expected to exhibit masculine personality traits and be attracted to women while females are expectedRead MoreGender Identity1270 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Introduction This paper will discuss issues dealing with the roles of biological factors, (nature), and environmental influences, (nurture), on sexual differentiation and gender identity. The author, Troy Stutsman, will evaluate and give a determination as to which has the greater influence on gender identity: nature or nurture. Also discussed will be the current arguments about sexual identity and how evidence from biopsychology which may help to resolve the argument. What isRead MoreGender And Gender Identity And Development1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout the years. However, gender identity and development is something that has been both misunderstood and misconstrued by people for quite some time. The differences between â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex† is quite vast. According to John Carl: Gender is defined as the personal traits and position in society connected with being male or female. For instance, wearing high heels is associated with the female gender, while wearing combat boots is associated with the male gender. Gender is different from sex becauseRead MoreNature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl1078 Words   |  5 PagesBrenda will have female behavior and believe he is a girl. From a physical point of view he will not develop secondary characteristics. Based on how hormones work by removing his testicles they denied him of his secondary characteristics. After puberty he would not have testicles to produce testosterone which would make him deficit of his secondary characteristics. 2. If Bruce was not subjected to gender reassignment surgery and raised as a boy, he would express the gender identity of a male. This isRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom and are usually very identified with the particular gender that we happen to be a member of.† This quote by Andrew Cohen explains partially how gender identity develops, through the conditioning of our environments. The most influential factor of gender development, however, is still a very controversial issue. An analysis of the gender identification process reveals two main arguments in what factor most greatly contributes to gender development: biology differences (nature) or the environmentRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Identity Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pages Gender Communication Prior to taking this class I would define gender as one being male or female. Females have particular roles, and males also have particular roles. When I think of females, I think of females being nurturing, loving, caring, and feminine. Males being masculine, athletic, strong, main provider, wearing a suit and tie, whereas females wear dresses, high heels, have long hair. Females seem to be higher maintenance than men. Now I can say gender and gender identity are very muchRead MoreTitle. Several Theories Have Arisen In Attempt To Explain1236 Words   |  5 Pagestheories have arisen in attempt to explain the development of gender roles. Sigmund Freud proposed one of the early theories of gender role development. Freud believed that gender role development was shaped early in childhood when children have intimate feelings for their parent of the other sex and resolve the conflict by identifying with the same-sex parent. While Freud may be correct that early childhood is a critical time period for gender role development, there is very little evidence for his theory

Administration Of The Pethidine To Jordan †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.This response is to include the nursing responsibilities and associated rationales prior to the administration of the pethidine to Jordan, the legal nursing responsibilities and associated rationales related to the administration of pethidine to Jordan, and the nursing responsibilities and associated rationales after administering pethidine to Jordan. 2.Describe the structural and functional changes that occur in the patheogenesis of Crohns disease that led to Jordans weight loss and the development of the stricture in Jordans ileum. 3.Describe the characteristics of the intravenous fluid that was ordered for Jordan, and the rationale, related to Jordans specific fluid balance status, for the administration of this intravenous fluid to Jordan. Answers: 1.Pethidine, is a synthetic narcotic analgesic. It is known to compete for the same receptors in the central nervous system as morphine. It poses the risk of addiction, and is comparable to morphine with respect to sedative and tranquilizing effects. However, it is known to produce respiratory depression and analgesia of shorter duration, and induces less smooth muscle spasms (WHO, 2017). It is preferred over morphine for managing inflammatory bowel disorders. The followingnursing responsibilities and rationales are suggested for Pithidine (Perry, Potter, Ostendorf, 2015): Nursing responsibilities and associated rationales prior administration of Pethidine: Prior to administration it the nurse should perform an assessment for any possible adverse reactions. It is also necessary to pay attention to the patients medical history including any allergies, renal, mental, biliary, and any other disorders. Also, the nurse should take into account the physiological laboratory results including CBC, creatinine, liver function tests, and electrolytic balance. It is also imperative for the nurses to obtain the patients drug history so as to determine any possible adverse interactions with drug and any other allergic reactions. Hence, the importantnursing responsibilities involve: Check for drug or herbal interactions Check for allergies Assess baseline physiologic parameters Nursing responsibilities and associated rationales related to administration of Pethidine During drug administration of Pithidine the nurses need to monitor patients vital signs, such as cardiac output, depth and rate of respiration and pulse oximetry as opioids tends to interact with brain receptors, and central venous pressure. The nurses should monitor liver enzyme activity and observe the patient for any signs of abdominal distention, rigidity, and tenderness. It is also important to look for any possible side effects such as light-headedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, sweating, hypothermia and vomiting. The drug may reduce peristaltic activity, resulting in constipation. The nurses need to stay with the patient till the medication has been consumed, so as to ensure the medication has been taken, look for any immediate adverse affects, and provide the necessary assistance. The nurses also need to monitor the neurological status, and interview the patient about pain. The nurses also need to respect the patients refusal of medication, and need to take action accordin gly in case of refusal. However, being an opioid, Pithidine runs the risk of development of dependence, and tolerance to desired effects. Therefore, the dosage consumption should be kept under supervision. Nursing responsibilities and associated rationales after administration of Pethidine Post administration it is the responsibility of the nurse to properly document the administration of medication. The data regarding patients response to drug treatment needs to be documented. The patient needs to be enquired to note any decrease in symptoms for which the medication has been prescribed. The evaluation process involves monitoring for evidences of any therapeutic effects, adverse reactions, side effects, and other physical responses such as heart rhythm, urine output, and blood pressure. The nurses also need to monitor the injection sites for any inflammation, numbness, bleeding, pain or bruise. The nurses also need to evaluate the patients understanding of medication and self administration. 2. Weight loss is one the common symptoms of Crohns disease, which is associated with inflammation in ileum and jejunum. Inflammation in ileum results in discomfort, due to which the patients eat less. The bowel lumen area thus becomes partially obstructed and inflamed due to which the patients lose weight (Hopkins Medicine, 2013). In context of the given patient, Jordan, presents development of stricture which has led to bowel obstruction in his terminal ileum, due to which he is not able to intake varied diet. Due to such complication the patient has lost weight. Development of stricture is the characteristic feature of Crohns disease. The stricture development has been remarked as a sign of efforts of the gastrointestinal tract to heal itself in case of an injury. However, in case of ineffective healing of the organ, the tissue repair precedes maintenance of organ function. This paves way for the formation of strictures, presents large number of smooth muscles cells along with large amounts of collagen. The fibroblasts migrate and proliferate in the area of inflammation, leading to production of collagenous matrix, a characteristic feature of wound healing process. However, in case of chronically inflamed ileum in Crohns disease, the tissue remodelling results in irreversible changes in the smooth muscles phenotype, and the collagen cross linking. The chronicity of inflammation is thus majorly responsible for loss of mucosal compliance, contraction, and mural thickening (Chang et al., 2015; Graham, 1995). This accumulation of abnormal collag en results on symptoms of obstruction which causes narrowing of the lumen, and ultimately causes weight loss. 3. Hartmanns solution was ordered for Jordan. It consists of lactated Ringers solution, named after the US paediatrician who used lactate as a buffer so as to prevent acidosis in septic children. The Hartmanns solution is used for peri-operative maintenance, as the lactate is metabolized to bicarbonate (Svensn Rodhe, 2013). The active ingredients consist of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, calcium chloride dehydrate, and potassium chloride. This multiple electrolyte intravenous solution is meant for restoration of the electrolytic balance in the body, and hydration. This combination of the multiple electrolytic solutions with sodium lactate acts as an alkalinising agent, and helps normalize physiological pH. Sodium being a major cation of extracellular fluid helps maintain the osmotic pressure of body fluids, chloride a major anion of extracellular fluid complements sodium cation maintain acid base balance, electrodynamic character and isotonicity of cells. Potassium a major cation of extracellular fluid, along with calcium also helps maintain fluid composition in body and cell membrane and capillary permeability (Baxter Health Care, 2014). Hence, administration of Hartmanns solution proved to be essential for preventing dehydration, maintain electrolyte imbalance, as the patient is not capable of tolerating oral fluids. References: Baxter Health Care. (2014). Compound sodium lactate (Hartmanns) and modified Hartmanns solution intravenous infusion. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from https://www.baxterhealthcare.com.au/downloads/healthcare_professionals/cmi_pi/compound_sodium_lactate_pi.pdf Chang, C. W., Wong, J. M., Tung, C. C., Shih, I. L., Wang, H. Y., Wei, S. . (2015). Intestinal Stricture in Crohns Disease. Intestinal Research, 13(1), 1926. Graham, M. F. (1995). Pathogenesis of Intestinal Strictures in Crohns Disease-An Update. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 1, 220227. Hopkins Medicine. (2013). Crohns Disease. Retrieved March 19, 2018, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/small_large_intestine/crohns_disease.pdf Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., Ostendorf, W. (2015). Nursing Interventions Clinical Skills. Elsevier Health Sciences. Svensn, C., Rodhe, P. (2013). Intravascular volume replacement therapy. In Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia (pp. 574592). Elsevier Health Sciences. WHO. (2017). Essential medicines and health products information portal a World Health Organization resource. Retrieved March 17, 2018, from https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2929e/7.2.html